Calcium signaling pathway
A signal transduction system with Ca²⁺ as the second messenger, one of the most widespread signal pathways in cells. The intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration is strictly regulated by the cell membrane (voltage-gated calcium channels, ligand-gated calcium channels, Ca²⁺-ATPase) and organelles (endoplasmic reticulum/sarcoplasmic reticulum RyR, IP3R channels, SERCA pumps), forming spatiotemporally specific Ca²⁺ signals (e.g., calcium sparks, calcium oscillations). Ca²⁺ binds to calmodulin (CaM) and activates downstream effector molecules (e.g., CaMKⅡ, PKC), regulating various cell functions: metabolic regulation (glycogenolysis, fat synthesis), muscle contraction, neural conduction (neurotransmitter release), cell apoptosis, and gene expression. Pathway dysfunction is associated with various diseases such as arrhythmia (calcium channel abnormalities), neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., calcium homeostasis imbalance in Alzheimer's disease), epilepsy, and osteoporosis.
Core function: Use Ca²⁺ as the second messenger to transmit extracellular signals, regulating metabolism, stress response, muscle contraction, neural conduction, and other cellular functions. Key regulatory molecules: IP3, IP3R, RyR, CaM, CaMKⅡ, PKC.
Core function: Use Ca²⁺ as the second messenger to transmit extracellular signals, regulating metabolism, stress response, muscle contraction, neural conduction, and other cellular functions. Key regulatory molecules: IP3, IP3R, RyR, CaM, CaMKⅡ, PKC.
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